Journal of Advance Research in Social Science and Humanities (ISSN 2208-2387)
The journal encompasses various fields, including but not limited to Sociology, Psychology, Anthropology, Political Science, Economics, Education, Geography, Social Work, Criminology, Communication Studies, Literature, Philosophy, History, Art and Art History, Cultural Studies, Linguistics, Religious Studies, Musicology, Theatre, and Performing Arts.
LE DROIT DES COMMUNAUTES LOCALES OU SE REALISE L’EXPLOITATION MINIÈRE
The article highlights the rights of local communities affected by mining in the DRC, emphasizing their recognition under international, regional, and national legal texts, particularly in matters of consultation, protection of customary lands, compensation, and benefit-sharing. Despite this legal framework, implementation after remains insufficient, exposing communities to displacement, environmental degradation, and limited redistribution of benefits, which makes it necessary to strengthen the effective protection of their rights.
Copyright (c) 2026 JOSUE RENE MENGA YAOSUWA , HERITIER IMANI GAYA , Mirindi KARAGOMBA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
RÔLE DU NOTAIRE DANS LA PRÉVENTION DES LITIGES CIVILS ET COMMERCIAUX : ÉTUDE CRITIQUE EN DROIT CONGOLAIS
This article analyses the role of the notary in preventing civil and commercial disputes under Congolese law. The problem raised in the persistence of legal conflicts despite notarial intervention, even though the notary is supposed to secure transactions and prevent challenges, the study also shows how the notarial function can contribute to legal certainty while highlighting its limits in the Congolese context. The study employs methods of legal exegesis and the sociology of law. These two methods are supported by documentary techniques and open (unstructured) interviews. The expected results are to demonstrate the notary as an actor in dispute prevention, and to identify institutional and practical weaknesses that reduce the effectiveness of his action.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lucien MUSAMBAY RAMAZANI , Emmanuel Héritier IMANI GAYA , Josué René MENGA YAOSUWA , Joseph LOBI LOBU , David NDJANGO KPADYU (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ROLE DU NOTAIRE DANS LA PREVENTION DE LITIGES FONCIERS EN RDC : ENTRE SECURITE JURIDIQUE ET REALITES PRATIQUES
This article examines the role of the notary in preventing land disputes in the RDC. It show that the notary secure land transactions by authenticating deeds and checking their legality, which helps reduce fraud and conflicts. However, this role remains limited by several practical difficulties, such as weak land title systems, the coexistence of statutory law and customary practices, and limited access to notarial services for some populations. In the end, the notary appears to be an important factor in legal security but his effectiveness depends on a better adaptation to local realities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lucien MUSAMBAY RAMAZANI , Emmanuel Héritier IMANI GAYA , Josué René MENGA YAOSUWA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
CONFRONTATION STRATÉGIQUE ENTRE LES ÉTATS-UNIS, ISRAËL ET L'IRAN : RECOMPOSITIONS GÉOPOLITIQUES DU MOYEN-ORIENT ET IMPLICATIONS SUR L'ORDRE INTERNATIONAL CONTEMPORAIN
The strategic balance of power between the United States, Israel, and the Islamic Republic of Iran is currently one of the major flashpoints within the international system. This competition goes far beyond a simple bilateral or regional conflict, as it encompasses issues relating to global security, nuclear deterrence, military alliances, the flow of energy resources, coercive diplomacy, and the evolution of global power relations. Embedded in the geopolitical context of the Middle East, this conflict involves both state and non-state actors, dynamics of historical rivalry, asymmetric approaches, and mechanisms of regional and global power projection. This article aims to examine the geopolitical and geostrategic foundations of this conflict through three dimensions: to identify the real stakes for the major actors involved and to assess the regional and global impact of the situation. More specifically, it seeks to examine the geopolitical importance of the Middle East, to map alliances and alignment trends, to analyze the distinct strategic objectives of the United States, Israel, and Iran, and to assess the impact of this crisis on multilateralism, energy security, Western capabilities, and the reorganization of the international order. This research is based on a qualitative approach relying on documentary analysis, the consultation of authoritative scholarly works, the use of contemporary institutional reports, and the critical analysis of current international affairs. The study shows that the United States seeks to maintain its strategic dominance in the Middle East, protect Israel, limit Iran's influence, and ensure the security of global energy flows. Israel regards Iran as a major strategic threat because of its nuclear potential, its missile arsenal, and its network of regional allies. Iran, for its part, has developed a strategy aimed at preserving the regime, ensuring strategic depth, and achieving asymmetric deterrence based on drones, missiles, cyber capabilities,
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
CONCEPT OF SOCIAL JUSTICE AND ITS CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
A basic principle of the Indian Constitution is Social Justice. Social justice, founded on the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity, seeks to ensure equitable treatment for all individuals irrespective of caste, religion, gender, or socioeconomic background. The Indian Constitution encompasses a comprehensive framework that comprises the Preamble, Fundamental Rights (Articles 14-32), and the Directive Principles of State Policy. (Articles 36-51). This paper critically analyzes the concept and definition of social justice in India, its philosophical roots since the classical philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and Rawls, and how the IC views a just social order. The paper also touches on the provisions of the constitution as they apply to empowering vulnerable groups, the unending struggles in the pursuit of social justice, and how the 42 nd Amendment Act of the Constitution was a transformative act. The paper ends by concluding that although there is a considerable constitutional architecture on the way to achieving social justice, effective implementation, awareness, and institutional reform are critical in closing the gap between social justice constitutional promise and ground reality.
MACHIAVÉLISME ET PRATIQUE POLITIQUE EN AFRIQUE : REFLEXION SUR LE PRAXIS DU RÉGIME TOTALITAIRE EN RÉPUBLIQUE DU ZAÏRE DE 1965 - 1997.
The machiavelism is a thought politicizes tonic has several decades or even several centuries but having characterized the political practices in several countries. And even today, this political philosophy characterizes many régimes, notably in Africa. One of the countries that has been domineered a long time on basis of this philosophy stays Zaire, currently the Democratic Republic of Congo. This country knew a long period of dictatoriship embodied by its ex-president, MOBUTU SESEKO. It is at a time about one period of glory but has prominent a dark page of the history of this country. In this article, our analysis consists of two chutters. In a first time, we clarify the origin of this political thought and its developpement in the time and in the space. In the second chutter, we try to show in what measure, the machiavelism, a thought been born in West, inspired MOBUTU SESE SEKO during the three decades of his its reign.
FROM THE DINNER TABLE TO THE GREEN TABLE: LEGAL LIABILITY OF BUSINESS ACTORS FOR FOOD POISONING CASES IN INDONESIA: A CONSUMER PROTECTION PERSPECTIVE
Food poisoning cases in Indonesia remain a recurring issue that adversely affects consumers' health, safety, and legal interests. This condition highlights the importance of the legal responsibility of business actors in ensuring food safety as an essential component of consumer protection. This study aims to examine and analyze the forms of legal liability of business actors in food poisoning cases and the legal sanctions imposed under Indonesian positive law. This research employs a normative juridical legal approach using the statute approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. The legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively using descriptive, systematic, and prescriptive methods. The findings indicate that business actors bear legal responsibility when the food products they produce or distribute cause food poisoning to consumers. Such liability includes civil liability through compensation, administrative responsibility, and criminal liability as regulated under Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, Law Number 18 of 2012 concerning Food, Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health, and the Indonesian Criminal Code. The regulation of legal sanctions is intended to provide legal certainty, protect consumers' rights to safe food, and uphold justice through law enforcement that reflects human rights principles. Therefore, compliance with food safety standards by business actors constitutes a fundamental requirement for ensuring consumer protection and preventing the recurrence of food poisoning cases in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Nyoman Arya Wira Temaja (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
LES DETERMINANTS DE LA PAIX ET DE LA SECURITE EN ITURI : ENJEUX ET PERSPECTIVES DE LA CONSOLIDATION DE LA PAIX
The challenges of ensuring peace and security in Ituri remain among the most complex, both within the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Great Lakes region as a whole. Military interventions, diplomatic efforts, dialogue mechanisms, and judicial initiatives have not stopped the province from falling back into recurring cycles of violence, showing how deeply rooted the causes of conflict are. Cet article propose une lecture analytique et critique des déterminants de la paix à Ituri et affirme que l’instabilité persistante ne peut pas être expliquée uniquement par la présence de groupes armés. On the contrary, it is the result of a mix of historical, territorial, political, economic, security and social factors that mutually reinforce each other. L’article soutient que la paix durable requiert bien plus qu’une réponse militaire : il exige une refondation des gouvernances locales, une régulation juste de l’accès à la terre et aux ressources naturelles, une lutte crédible contre l’impunité et une politique de sécurité humaine centrée sur la protection des civils et l’inclusion des communautés. It states that long-term stability in Ituri hinges on an integrated approach that can connect security, justice, social development, and institutional legitimacy within a unified peace architecture.
LA COUR PÉNALE INTERNATIONALE ET LA CONSTRUCTION DE LA PAIX EN ITURI : ENTRE LUTTE CONTRE L'IMPUNITE ET PERSISTANCE DES DYNAMIQUES CONFLICTUELLES
The Ituri province, located in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of Congo, has been deeply affected by armed conflicts involving serious violations of international humanitarian law and human rights. Confronted with the failure of national courts to prosecute the main perpetrators, the International Criminal Court (ICC) intervened to break the cycle of impunity and support the fragile process of peacebuilding. This study highlights that the convictions of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Germain Katanga, and Bosco Ntaganda represent a significant advance in individual criminal accountability and the recognition of victims. However, these judicial achievements have not been sufficient to halt the ongoing dynamics of violence. The persistence of armed clashes, the emergence of new rebel groups, land disputes, community tensions, illegal resource exploitation, state weakness, and socio-economic precarity continue to fuel chronic instability. The analysis demonstrates that while international criminal justice is essential, it must be embedded within a comprehensive strategy combining institutional strengthening, development, community reconciliation, and inclusive governance to foster sustainable peace.
MECANISMES INSTITUTIONNELS DE MISE EN ŒUVRE DU REBOISEMENT ET CAUSES DU NON-RESPECT DE PRINCIPE DE REBOISEMENT DANS LA TSHOPO
This study analyzes the institutional mechanisms for implementing reforestation and the reasons for non-compliance with the reforestation principle in Tshopo Province, focusing specifically on the Alibuku forest concession. It employs a legal approach based on an analysis of statutory texts—notably the 2002 Forest Code and the decree establishing the National Forestry Fund (FFN)—as well as empirical data gathered from forestry sector stakeholders. The study reveals that, despite a legal framework mandating reforestation following any logging activity, this obligation remains largely unfulfilled. The key institutional mechanisms involve the State, the FFN, forestry administrations, oversight bodies, logging operators, and local communities. However, several obstacles undermine their effectiveness, including inadequate administrative oversight, poor governance of financial resources earmarked for reforestation, a lack of monitoring for funded projects, revenue centralization, institutional weaknesses, and socio-economic pressures.
IMPACTS SOCIOJURIDIQUES SUR L’EXPLOITATION INDUSTRIELLE DES BOIS A ALIBUKU DANS LA TSHOPO
Industrial operations within the Alibuku forest concessions demonstrate that the failure of concession holders to comply with their contractual obligations—coupled with their role in fostering social divisions and discontent among local communities—leads to the coexistence of multiple legal orders among riverside populations, extending beyond the State’s strict monopoly on coercion. Thus, this approach balances legal concepts against the social realities experienced by the population, underscoring the idea that the law must be sufficiently human not to follow a rigid, straight line. Consequently, it must be acknowledged that improving forest governance in the DRC remains an ongoing challenge for public and private actors, donors, and civil society organizations, despite efforts undertaken over the past fifteen years. The process initiated in 2002 with the enactment of the Forest Code aimed to transform the forestry sector into a major economic driver while upholding social and environmental sustainability.
LA MICROFINANCE ET LA REDUCTION DE LA PAUVRETE A KISANGANI: UNE ANALYSE ECONOMETRIQUE BASEE SUR LE MODELE LOGIT ET PSM
This study aims to analyze the impact of access to microfinance on the improvement of household welfare in the city of Kisangani. More specifically, it seeks, on the one hand, to identify the socioeconomic characteristics that influence households’ access to microcredit and, on the other hand, to assess the effect of microcredit on selected dimensions of economic welfare, namely income, consumption expenditures, and children's schooling. To achieve these objectives, the study relies on a quantitative approach based on two complementary econometric methods. First, a logistic regression model (Logit) was used to identify the determinants of access to microcredit. This method made it possible to estimate the probability of a household obtaining microcredit according to several socioeconomic characteristics, including age, gender, level of education, household size, marital status, employment status, ownership of property titles, income, and economic sector of activity. Second, the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method was employed to evaluate the impact of microcredit on poverty reduction. This approach consisted of matching each microcredit beneficiary with one or more non-beneficiaries who shared similar characteristics. The matching procedure helped reduce selection bias arising from the non-random allocation of credit. After matching, the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT) was estimated by comparing the outcomes observed between matched groups. The results of the Logit model reveal that the level of education, income, employment status, ownership of property titles, and engagement in tertiary sector activities positively and significantly influence the probability of accessing microcredit. In contrast, involvement in the primary sector is negatively associated with access to credit, reflecting the difficulties faced by households engaged in agricultural and extractive activities in obtaining financial support. The results of the Propensity Score Matching analysis indicate a generally positive but moderate effect of microcredit on household welfare. Beneficiaries recorded an average monthly income that was USD 52.40 higher than that of non-beneficiaries. Microcredit also contributed to an increase in food expenditures, with an average effect estimated at USD 15, and led to a slight improvement in children's school enrollment. However, its impact on non-food expenditures remained weak and statistically insignificant. These findings suggest that microfinance contributes to improving the living conditions of beneficiary households, particularly through higher income and increased food consumption. Nevertheless, its effectiveness in achieving sustainable poverty reduction remains limited due to several constraints, including the low profitability of financed activities, insufficient loan amounts, and the persistent economic challenges faced by households. Microfinance therefore appears to be a useful tool, but not a sufficient solution on its own to eradicate poverty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alphonse Lioto Ngandi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
MÉCANISMES JURIDIQUES DE RÉGULATION DES POUVOIRS ÉCONOMIQUES
Economic Law has undergone significant transformation. It can no longer be viewed merely as a body of rules governing economic activities. It has increasingly evolved into a legal framework for regulating economic powers. This article examines the legal mechanisms designed to regulate such powers by distinguishing between those aimed at disciplining private actors and those intended to constrain public action. Adopting a systemic approach grounded in African and Congolese realities, the study highlights the emergence of a pluralistic regulatory model. This model combines competition law, contract law, sectoral regulation, compliance mechanisms, and the juridification of state intervention. The article concludes that Economic Law now plays a central role in structuring power relations within a context characterized by globalization and the growing plurality of normative orders.
FONDEMENTS THÉORIQUES DU DROIT ÉCONOMIQUE: LA RÉGULATION DES POUVOIRS ECONOMIQUES
This article proposes a theoretical reconstruction of Economic Law based on the concept of the regulation of economic powers. It argues that the classical approaches to Economic Law- namely the instrumental and autonomist perspectives - are no longer sufficient to capture the complexity of contemporary economies characterized by globalization, the plurality of normative centers, and the emergence of hybrid economic powers. Drawing on an institutionalist approach, the analysis demonstrates that Economic Law should primarily be understood as a legal framework for structuring, limiting, and legitimizing power relations within the economy. The study mobilizes major European and African doctrinal contributions, particularly those of Gérard Farjat, Claude Champaud, Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Alain Supiot, Gunther Teubner, and Roger Masamba Makela. The article further demonstrates that the contemporary foundations of regulation lie not only in market failures but also in government failures and in the necessity of maintaining an institutional balance among public, private, and hybrid powers. It therefore contends that contemporary Economic Law should be conceived as a law governing the regulation of economic powers, especially within African economies and the OHADA legal area.
MUTUALITES ETHNIQUES : UN TREMPLIN DANS LE PROCESSUS ELECTORAL, CAS DE LA VILLE DE KINDU (2006-2011)
En ce début du XXIe Siècle, l’ethnicisme et les élections sont incontestablement les plus spectaculaires des phénomènes sociaux. Ainsi l’actualité des problèmes liés au tribalisme, les questions et les enjeux que les élections créent nous ont conduit à parler des mutualités dans le processus électoral. Cette étude montre comment les mutualités ont manifestement influencé l’élection des députés nationaux et provinciaux dans la ville de Kindu en 2006 et 2011.
REFLEXION SUR LA DEFAITE DES CANDIDATES AUX ELECTIONS LEGISLATIVES NATIONALES ET PROVINCIALES DU 20 DECEMBRE 2023 DANS LA CIRCONSCRIPTION ELECTORALE DE KINDU
Cette étude parle de L’échec des candidates aux élections législatives nationales et provinciales du 20 décembre 2023 dans la circonscription électorale de Kindu, Elle montre que les électrices sont nombreuses par rapport aux électeurs, Mais aucune forme n’a gagné un siège dans la circonscription électorale précitée. Elle relève les causes et les conséquences de l’’échec des femmes au processus électoral. L’émergence politique de la femme est mise en danger. La représentativité des femmes dans les instances de prise de décision est un gage pour la cohésion sociale et le développement d’une communauté.
VIOLENCES ÉLECTORALES, CARUS DE SOULÈVEMENT ET REVENDICATIONS EN RDC: RÉFLEXION CRITIQUE DE LA PROVINCE DU MANIEMA ENTRE 2006 ET 2023
This study examines the systemic persistence of electoral violence in the Maniema province of the Democratic Republic of Congo between 2006 and 2023. Drawing upon Tilly’s (2003) sociology of collective action and Young’s (1994) "African Colonial State" paradigm, the research demonstrates that violence is not an accidental pathology but a rational political interaction designed to compensate for the erosion of the state’s monopoly on legitimate violence (Weber, 1971). An analysis of 342 incidents reveals a predominance of legitimization violence (41%) and exclusion violence (37%), while predatory violence (22%) shows a rigorous statistical correlation ($r = 0.69$) with gold export peaks. The findings highlight that the electoral arena is exploited to secure mining rents, transforming legitimate "grievances" into a smokescreen for economic "greed," as modeled by Collier and Hoeffler (2004). Given a judicial admissibility rate for electoral disputes of only 3%, the study recommends a multidimensional crisis exit strategy based on transitional justice, the demilitarization of electoral processes, and enhanced mineral resource traceability.
DÉMOCRATIE AUX OUBLIETTES EN RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO: ÉTUDE MENÉE DANS LA PROVINCE DU MANIEMA ENTRE 2006 ET 2023
This study examines the mechanisms of democratic regression in the province of Maniema, Democratic Republic of the Congo, over a period spanning four electoral cycles (2003–2023). Drawing on the five arenas of consolidation defined by Linz and Stepan (1996), the research demonstrates that procedural regularity in elections conceals a profound structural failure. The results reveal acute electoral monolithism, with an average gap of 72.3 points between the winner and the runner-up, thereby invalidating Przeworski’s (1991) principle of institutional uncertainty. This political lockdown is strongly correlated (r = 0.91) with the capture of the state apparatus by mineral rents, which transforms the rule of law into a "rhizome-state" (Bayart, 2006). The erosion of citizen trust—evidenced by the decline in voter turnout from 65.36% in 2006 to 43.2% in 2023, and the perception of voting as useless among 68% of households (Institut National de la Statistique/RDC, 2025)—testifies to a shift toward a "forgotten democracy." Finally, semiotic discontinuity (Nguya Katembwe, 2026) hinders the Weberian routinization of institutions (Weber, 1971), confining the province to a "black zone" of systemic capture.
AN EXPLORATORY REVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR PREDICTING STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
The rapid growth of Artificial Intelligence in education has substantially transformed traditional techniques of monitoring and increasing student academic performance. This study does a comprehensive assessment of research published from 2019 to 2025 about the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques to predict student academic achievement. The main objective was to ascertain the most commonly utilized predictive approaches, examine the most significant student-related attributes, and determine the algorithms that provide the greatest predicted efficacy. A systematic literature review process was conducted using peer-reviewed studies indexed in Scopus, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. To ensure methodological rigor and relevance, research was assessed based on established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings demonstrate that supervised machine learning algorithms, such as Naïve Bayes, Artificial Neural Networks, Random Forest, Decision Trees, and Support Vector Machines, dominate contemporary academic predictive research. Ensemble models and neural networks frequently shown enhanced predictive accuracy, especially when trained on extensive and behaviorally diverse datasets. The review shows that a student's academic background and how they engage with learning tools, especially their activity on learning management systems, are the best indicators of their performance, while demographic factors have little effect on how accurate the models are. Substantial obstacles persist, including concerns over data quality, algorithmic bias, restricted interpretability, and the ethical control of student data, despite robust prediction. The research indicates that Artificial Intelligence-based prediction systems have sufficiently advanced to facilitate institutional planning, personalized learning, and early warning systems, contingent upon their implementation within stringent data governance frameworks, transparency, and equity. To enhance the reliability and trustworthiness of educational environments, forthcoming research must focus on the advancement of explainable Artificial Intelligence models, cross-institutional validation, and fairness-conscious modeling.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bashirat Aderayo Bamigboye (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
PRINCIPIO DE IGUALDAD DE ARMAS COMO GARANTÍA EN EL PROCESO PENAL COLOMBIANO, ANÁLISIS LA SENTENCIA DE LA CORTE CONSTITUCIONAL C-1194/05
For the effective procedure in the Colombian accusatory criminal system, it is necessary to comply with some essential presuppositions for it to be legitimate, the most important is the guarantee of the rights of the parties without them being violated in any way. With the entry into force of Law 906 of 2004 (also known as the "criminal conviction system"), its purpose is to change the way in which criminal law is implemented. To do this, he used the principle of equality to put both parties on an equal footing: the prosecution and the defense. Everyone has the possibility of accessing all available resources according to their specific objectives: the prosecution, as planned on the ground, to sue citizens. That is why it is intended to study these assumptions in the following investigation, taking into account as the main concept of study the equality of arms mentioned in Sentence C-1194 of 2005
ANALYSE LEGISTIQUE DE LA PROPRIETE FORESTIERE COLLECTIVE: LEGITIMITE DES DROITS DES COMMUNAUTES LOCALES SUR LES FORETS DE LA REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO
Analyzing the substance of collective property in general and its conception in segmentary societies and entities from the ancient Kingdoms or Empires of the DRC as well as in Africa in general, we manage to spread its formal legitimacy. With regard to collective ownership of village trees, the divergence of points of view of the legislator and local communities, in relation to the notion of the village, makes this right formally illegitimate. With regard to collective ownership of trees in a collective field, highlighting the principle and exceptions governing the mode of exploitation of agricultural land in our traditional societies also makes it possible to detect its formal illegitimacy.
Ownership of village trees and collective fields
COAL MINE CLOSURE FROM A LENS OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND CORPORATE DUE DILIGENCE FOR A JUST TRANSITION IN COLOMBIA
A just energy transition is a central topic in discussions about the future of energy, mainly since the commitment of 196 countries in the 2015 Paris Agreement to prevent global temperatures from rising 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Efforts are concentrated on limiting the increase to approximately 1.5 degrees to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Colombia has set ambitious short-term greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets (51% by 2030) and a long-term goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. Achieving these objectives necessitates a profound transformation driven by the Energy Transition Policy. The policy mandates a shift from less than 1% to over 12% in the energy matrix by 2022 for non-conventional renewable energies, a GHG emissions reduction target from 20% to 51% by 2030, and the prioritisation of ‘sustainable recovery’ as the cornerstone of the economic recovery strategy post-COVID 19. However, as the sixth-largest global coal exporter, Colombia faces an uncertain future. The geopolitical aftermath of the Ukrainian war has underscored the imperative to ensure energy security and expedite the transition to renewable energy sources. While an immediate economic opportunity exists for Colombia, the long-term outlook involves an escalating decline in coal demand. Climate policies and the rapid growth of renewables, with an expected global drop in coal demand through 2030, increasingly pressure coal's role in the power sector. The current Colombian energy transition policy, acknowledging the need for decarbonisation, does not envision provisions for repairing human rights impacts during the dismantling of coal operations. The existing legal frameworks on mine closure do not also consider human rights issues to remedy the adverse impacts caused to the affected communities during closure and post-closure. Questions arise regarding the Colombian government's ability to adapt and respond to the real-time decline in coal demand and potential closure operations. The consequences of the lack of preparation for these scenarios extend beyond the environment and the economy and land on the human rights of the individuals and dependent communities in the sector, such as La Guajira and Cesar departments. This scenario calls for a fair and equitable framework for the energy transition in the coal sector, prioritising the human rights of nature, individuals and populations dependent on the industry. Specific regulation focusing on human rights is required to establish clear obligations for authorities and companies during mine closure and post-closure of coal operations. The principles of restorative justice and the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights provide a robust framework for states and companies to identify harm, assign responsibility, repair damage, and prevent future occurrences that can be used in Colombia's coal mine closure framework.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paula Valentina Schliesser (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ENTRE LA LOI N° 09/001 DU 10 JANVIER 2009 ET LA BARZA TRADITIONNELLE ; QUELLE PROTECTION DE L’ENFANT EN RDC
En dépit de l’existence des nombreux instruments juridique afférents à la protection de l’enfant, l’opinion observe que ce dernier est de plus en plus abandonné. En effet, le Droit de protection de l’enfant se butte à plusieurs obstacles dus et dépendant de la recherche des intérêts voire d’influences entre Etats à travers le monde. La responsabilité ainsi partagée entre les Etats, les multinationales et les parents nous fait dire que l’encadrement donné en son temps par et dans la barza est malheureusement en recul en RDC. L’idéal serait, en ce domaine, de revenir aux méthodes utilisées par la barza traditionnelle en vue de mieux protéger l’enfant accusé de sorcellerie, de conflit avec la loi, de mendiant
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AND WORLD UNITY: THE EVOLUTION OF A GLOBAL CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM DRIVEN BY PRODUCTIVITY
Divergences in globalization are often attributed to conflicts of interest or ideology, yet their profound origins lie in the hierarchical and differential nature of cultural systems. Culture is essentially a nested set system: with individual culture as the atomic unit, it aggregates through kinship, geography, and institutions into familial, regional, national, and global cultures, adhering to the Law of Commonality Attenuation (i.e., the expansion of a cultural system's scope dilutes its shared cultural core and weakens emotional bonds among its members). This inherent variability in human social organization constitutes a fundamental barrier to world unity. However, it is not immutable. With transformative advances in productivity and technology, a path to unity beyond coercion and upheaval is becoming clear: its objective is not cultural displacement by a dominant model, but the natural evolution—driven by productivity—of a nascent world culture. This process entails the non-coercive selection, integration, and sublimation of global cultural essences. Catalyzed by the information revolution and centered on individual emancipation, it ultimately propels humanity from discrete "regional cultural assemblages" toward a "global cultural community of harmony in diversity."
Copyright (c) 2026 Ma Mingyang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0